How did the discoveries of early explorers change the way Europeans thought and challenge established ways? (Use at least 3 explorers as examples)

Europeans changed their way of thought due to new Explorers finding new things such as land. Before, all Europeans believed that Europe was the only existing continent, and that the ocean was small. They never knew of The Americas, or any of the islands. But, when explorers such as Spanish Explorer Francisco Pizarro found the Inca Empire, and ruled the Inca until death, Spain got more wealth, and Spain now knows about the territory. When Italian Explorer Christopher Columbus made his expedition to find the East Indies, but instead he found the Carribean Sea, and the Native Aboriginists living there he called "Indians". Without Columbus' discovery, the maps would still show only Europe, and Asia. Today, the Map of the World includes every landmass and Continent, thanks to Columbus. Other explorers like Amerigo Vespucci made a voyage to Brazil, and many others found very interesting things in the New World.  Portuguese Explorer Magellan, found the Strait of Magellan, and even though he died, his men had Circumnavigated the planet. They found out that the oceans were ENORMOUS, and that there was tons of empty land out in the world. Due to this, we got the first idea to how the map is to be scaled. Magellan's men had done a very Extraordinary action, and without Europeans wanting to find Spices, and convert Christianity, the continents may have never been found, and for the modern-day countries such as Bahamas, United States of America, Canada, and the South American countries to be formed. Explorers like Pizarro, Magellan, and Columbus, no matter what brutality took place, had made fascinating discoveries that has benefitted mankind.

Old Map of the World

The Modern Map of the World

CITATIONS:

Old Map: 

Unknown. Old Map of the World. N.d. Europe, Earth. World Maps Online. Web. 12 June 2011.  

New Map:
Unknown. Modern Map of the World. N.d. None, None. Blogspot. Web. 12 June 2011.  

What do you think were the top five motives (reasons) 15th and 16th century Europeans went on voyages of exploration? Explain your answers.

1. The first motive was to find areas rich in a very treasured and cherished material, Spices. Many explorers wanted spices to make their food taste better, and preserve it for longer periods of time. Spices were found in the Spice Islands (Modern-day Indonesia), and the Indian port of Calicut. Vasco da Gama of Portugal for example, had taken over the Indian port of Calicut, and made it part of the Portuguese trading empire.

2. The second motive was to find new lands, and make small countries such as Portugal into empires. For Example, Prince Henry, a Portuguese explorer, hired Scientists, and Carto-graphers (Map-makers), to make maps for the journeys. Prince Henry gave Portugal the island of Madeira, and the Azores, which still belongs to Portugal today. These islands expanded Portugal into an empire. A few make mistakes, and find new lands. An example would be Christopher Columbus finding the modern Americas, which was named on a map by Waldseemuller referring to Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. But, Columbus thought he found India, or the West Indies. That was the Carribean, and it is called the East Indies in his honor.

3. The third motive was to spread language and wealth. For Example, Spaniard Francisco Pizarro, found the Incan Empire, and became their leader by using forces sent by Spain. This is relevant because today, most of South America speaks Spanish, while Brazil speaks Portuguese, and French Guiana speaks French. The Republic of Guiana is an English speaking place, and the Falklands being a British Overseas Territory. Some examples of countries in South America speaking Spanish would be Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia. The Spanish left an enormous legacy in South America, and can be seen in the countries listed, for they share the Spanish language with Spain.

4. The fourth motive was to increase Trading Empires. For Example, Spain wanted the New Land discovered by Christopher Columbus, and Pope Alexander VI set up the Line of Demarcation. which split the World into 2 zones. The West belonged to Spain, and the East belonged to Portugal. This was agreed upon on the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.

5. The last motive was to get wealthy with slaves. The world Slaves comes from the word "Slavs", which are Southern Russian people who were captured to work for the Romans in the Roman Times. Slaves come from Africa. Africa was a new land. This started when Portugal's trading empire collapsed, due to them not exploring the inner lands of Africa. Kingdoms such as the Asante Kingdom, and the Oyo Empire were born. These lands would give slaves to the Europeans in return for wealth. Slaves would be sent from Africa to work on Plantations, which were enormous estates owned by farmers, and an over-seer. Slaves would work in plantations in Europe and in the Modern-Day United States of America. Slavery made Europe very powerful and wealthy. However, Slavery is not seen in many of those nations anymore.

CITATION FOR IMAGE:

Unknown. Ship in the Moluccas Archipelago. N.d. Unknown, Indonesia. TierraNet. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. 

Link: http://discover-indo.tierranet.com/images/Spice/Spice_Islands_shipExplorer.jpg  

Describe the steps involved in the Scientific Method. Why do scientists continue to use this method even today?

The steps of the Scientific Method is....

1. State The Problem

This part means you must write down and think about the problem you are trying to resolve. This means that the problem must be explained well, and clearly.

2. Gather Information On The Problem

This means you must do intensive and extended research. This requires you to jot down notes, read books, hear talks, and look anywhere you could find information about the problem. Then, you must write essays on your findings, and put it all together.  You cannot gather information from the first few sources. You must check many sources. This will ensure you have information that no ordinary scientist has gathered. You must also put it together with your notes.

3. Form A Hypothesis (Educated Guess)

At this point,all notes are gathered. It is time to form a hypothesis, or educated guess. The Hypothesis is the first step to finding the answer to the problem.

4. Experiment To Test The Hypothesis

This step of the Scientific Method is when the person tries to prove his hypothesis. This requires doing tons of lab reports, and keeping all of them together. This part means that you need to collect data and to test your hypothesis to that data. This step is the next step to finding the answer.

5. Collect, Record, and Analyze Data

This step requires even more intense data collection. You must do more experiments and gather data by putting it on graphs, data tables, lab reports, and make a data summary. Then, analyze the data over and over again.

6. Draw Conclusions

Start making generalizations, and write them down. Look at them and see if they make sense, or if they have anything to do with your hypothesis. Then, write your results down and read it over many times to ensure it is what you have gotten.

7. Communicate, Share Data, and Answer Questions

You are done!! You have finished proving your hypothesis, and you can now publish it on Magazines, Newspapers, Websites, and even tell others. Make a public talk and release your results, even answer questions. Doing this will help make your theory apply to modern day Science. This is how many of modern day Medicines, Cures to diseases, and Ointments are made. The scientists have gone through the same process, and have found the cure to many diseases such as the Bubonic Plague, Pneumonia, certain Cancers, Flu, and even Leprosy.



The Scientific Method has not only helped the planet and its inhabitants, it has also helped form medicines and cures for pets and ordinary wild animals. This method is continued by Scientists today because this method has been successful. The Scientific Method has brought to existance many drugs, shots, and medicines that nobody in the past could have had, and these treatments have brought long life spans for both animals, and humans especially. Now, a human being could live to being 100 years old, while in the 17th century or earlier, a man could have lived to his late 40s, or if lucky, 51. This is the significance of the Scientific Method.

Explain what the quote means in your own words. How do you know this? Consider who said the famous words. How could it apply to your life?

The Quote is "Men love to wonder, and that is the seed of science."- Ralph Waldo Emerson


This quote means that Curiosity is what Science is all about. I know this because people do love to wonder, and this means everyone is curious, and I know this to be true. This could apply to my life because when I am curious, I do want to find out more. Science has always been powered by curiosity. Actually, Science was invented due to curiosity. I remember once when I saw the moon colored Orangy one night. I was curious. I took a picture, and I looked it up on the internet and read books on the moon. I found out it was the atmosphere reacting with the atmospheric gasses, because it is on the horizon. So, Curiosity does drive Science. This is true. So, yes. Men love to wonder, and that truly is the seed of science.


CITATIONS:

Unknown. Scientific Revolution. N.d. Some Museum, Unknown. Scientific Revolution. Web. . 

In your opinion, was Martin Luther a hero or heretic? Using at least 3 strong arguments defend your arguments with solid facts, relevant details and examples.

In my opinion, Martin Luther is a heretic. He is a heretic because he refused to accept Church law. Martin Luther was also a heretic because of many reasons.

First, Martin Luther appealed to the peasants, for he himself was a peasant. Martin Luther had wrote that indulgences, which is a peice of paper bought with money, was unfair because peasants could not afford such indulgences. Martin Luther later on wrote a book called Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants , which striked at peasants and "rebels"being the worse people to God. This meant he switched his views on peasants.

Second, Luther had done actions that are above and beyond. He did such terrible protests and measures to ensure the end of Church rule. For Example, Luther had allowed himself to be excommunicated by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope for refusing to remove his beliefs. Luther also called The Pope terrible names in writings. Luther also told that he would burn all scriptures, or bible writing. These things are intense, and he acted as if he was desperate for change.

Lastly, Luther was a heretic because he had done exactly what any heretic would have done. A Heretic is someone who refuses to accept accepted beliefs anywhere in the church. Other than his terrible writings and actions, he had written the 95 Theses, and posted it on the church door. Luther had also written books such as Against The Bull of Anti-Christ where he denounces the pope as a heretic. Luther had also been changing his beliefs. For Example, During the Peasants Revolt, Luther denounced the rebels, or peasants protesting for his beliefs, and this led to more than 100,00 peasants being slaughtered in the process.

Luther was an extreme heretic, not only because he disagreed with the Catholic Church, but because he had gone to the extreme just for himself.

Compare/contrast Johann Tetzel's "The Spark for the Reformation: Indulgences" with Martin Luther's "Justification by Faith" include at least one quote from each primary source using MLA citation format.

Johann Tetzel's "The Spark for the Reformation: Indulgences", and Martin Luther's "Justification by Faith".  It was either Hell, Purgatory, or Heavenly Kingdom. In Justification by Faith, Luther believed that God was an angry man who doomed you to purgatory from the day you were born. "...I stood before God as a sinner troubled in conscience, and I had not confidence that my merit would assuage him" -Martin Luther, Justification by Faith.  Luther then stated that according to a passage in the study of Saint Paul, "the just shall live by his faith". This meant that salvation and entry to gates to Heaven was only obtained by Faith, and not by the church. This angered Luther because the church were making up rules in order to find salvation, when really anyone can obtain it just by believing in God. Luther was also angered because of the indulgences. "The whole of Scripture took on a new meaning, and whereas before the "justice of God"had filled me with hate, now it became an inexpressably sweet in greater love", - Martin Luther, Justification by Faith.  But, according to Johann Tetzel, indulgences were the only way a person could gain entry to heaven because all people commit numberless sins and everyone will go to purgatory. He also believed that the God was an angry and just god, who only gives salvation to the ones who help the construction of Cathedrals, Basilicas, and Churches. So, Johann Tetzel's The Spark for the Reformation: Indulgences, and Martin Luther's Justification by Faith are completely different because both sides do not agree on anything, Johann Tetzel believes God is an angry person, and the church is the way to achieve salvation, while Martin Luther completely disagreed and had his supporters form the Lutheran Religion.



CITATION:
Tetzel, Johann, The Spark for the Reformation: Indulgences (1465-1519)


Luther, Martin, Justification by Faith (1483-1546)

What does this quote mean to you> Do you agree or disagree with it? "Blood alone moves the wheels of history." - Martin Luther

It means that battles, violence, and blood makes things occur. To put it easier, change and history cannot occur unless there is bloodshed (alot of it), and violence. I agree with this because many events in history have past because of violence. For Example, the Crusades gave more land to empires because of bloodshed and battles. Another would be the American Revolutionary War, which gave more territory to the Americans by the bloodshed of the British. Another example would be the Russian War of 1812, which gave more territory by the killing of the men of Napoleon Bonaparte. Another example would be the American Mexican Cession, which gave the future Western States by the defeat and the murder of Captain Santa Ana and his army of Mexican soldiers. Therefore, Violence and Bloodshed has pushed history and continues to do so today. Therefore, as a result, many of the countries you see today has mostly become separated due to bloodshed in battles.

How did you feel when Ms. Moore said you could buy your grades? Do you think school's should sell grades, why/not? In what ways did this activity parallel the Church's sale of indulgences?

I would have to say I felt surprised. I never heard of such a method. In my opinion, schools should not sell grades, and if they did, they should make it cost much more than 1000 dinars. Schools should not do this because this makes a dumb kid get good grades as easy as telling a lie. The kids do not learn by doing this, they are just buying their way through school, and that is not the purpose of school. This activity matched exactly the medieval church's indulgences sale. The clergy in the churches had worked there not to worship and honor as a servant of god, but rather so they can live in luxury. This system made people give money to them. The churches even charged money to see holy relics (which were not real, of course), and this got the church so much money, the pope got to live in such grand palaces and jewel robes. Palaces such as the Vatican shows how grand a pope lives. The Indulgences in ISB really did reflect what the churches were doing. It made me want to do it, and this means the church indulgences convinced people to believe it and to give up their money.

What does this quote mean? "All the World's A Stage"by William Shakespeare.

It means the world is like 1 big stage where people perform, and people are just characters and are part of 1 big play called "Life". When you go through your life, such as from Infancy to Childhood, those are all acts to the play. As children grow and mature, they go through different stages of life as if you are in a play, and each phase is an act in the play. And our last act is our death. I agree because technically, everyone does something and any event that happens can be turned into a play, so all the world is a play.

Explain what the following quote means to you. How do you know this? Do you agree/disagree with this quote? "The end justifies the means." - Machiavelli

To me, this quote means that you may have a good goal, but the way to achieve that goal includes doing inappropriate things. For Example, if a person's goal is to get good grades. But to achieve that goal, it is justified to do things like cheat on exams, or pay someone to do a test for you because it is justified because it is a good goal. I disagree with this because I believe you do not need to cheat or do inappropriate things to achieve a goal. I believe hard work and dedication to something will accomplish any goal.

Explain what this quote means to you. How do you know this? Do you agree/disagree with this quote? "Outer Beauty is the true sign of inner goodness."

To me, it means that Outer Beauty is the sign of good personality. I know this because he means that outer beauty is what you look on the outside just by looking. I do not agree with this because true inner goodness can be found only by personality, not by how they look. Back then, it may have been
possible, but now it does not apply.

What does the term "Renaissance man"mean and what qualities/characteristics would a Renaissance man possess? Why did these characteristics emerge so strongly during the Renaissance and not in the middle ages?

Renaissance man refers to a man who had contributed much during the renaissance. A Renaissance Man would be not that informed, but would be very talented. Most were Italians. Also, Renaissance Men could do almost anything they wanted. This period , the Renaissance, was a time of rebirth. These characteristics emerged in this period because this was a time when France and other countries wanted rebirth, and this allowed many new ideas to come out. In the middle ages, these ideas could not be used because of the Kings and Queens.

What is history and why do we study it?

History is the revival of many events that has happened long ago. History is still going on and the past history can help many people world-wide understand their present. We learn history because it can help us learn from past failures, and to allow us to prevent that failure from happening again. It also allows people to use new, different ways to do things. History also provides knowledge. As Thomas Jefferson said, “ learn from your mistakes”.

Over time, History still goes on.

Who do you think wrote Shakespeare's plays?

I think Shakespeare wrote the plays, and not anybody else because Shakespeare had the name, and his publisher knew William’s writing.  Just think, Shakespeare was not noble, and writing plays was not something a noble would do. Shakespeare was poor, and he attended grammar school for 2 years, and anyone can do anything just by putting their mind to it.

Shakespeare was also an actor at young age, which meant he was exposed to plays. This gave him experience to play manuscripts. This meant he could have written plays and sonnets because he has actually read existing manuscripts. If you could read manuscripts from plays, you know how they are written and structured. This gave Shakespeare an advantage to writing plays because he knew how to write them.

So, therefore, Shakespeare was the famous playwright we all know.